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                <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01-background/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Background</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../02-requirements/index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Hardware/knowledge requirements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../03-setup/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Setting up a development environment</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../03-setup/linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Linux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../03-setup/windows.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Windows</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../03-setup/macos.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> macOS</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../03-setup/verify.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Verify the installation</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../04-meet-your-hardware/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Meet your hardware</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../05-led-roulette/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> LED roulette</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../05-led-roulette/build-it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Build it</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../05-led-roulette/flash-it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Flash it</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../05-led-roulette/debug-it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Debug it</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../05-led-roulette/the-led-and-delay-abstractions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> The led and delay abstractions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../05-led-roulette/the-challenge.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> The challenge</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../05-led-roulette/my-solution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> My solution</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../06-hello-world/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Hello, world!</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../06-hello-world/panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> panic!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../07-registers/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Registers</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../07-registers/rtrm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> RTRM</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../07-registers/optimization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> (mis)Optimization</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../07-registers/bad-address.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 0xBAAAAAAD address</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../07-registers/spooky-action-at-a-distance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> Spooky action at a distance</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../07-registers/type-safe-manipulation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Type safe manipulation</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../08-leds-again/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> LEDs, again</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../08-leds-again/power.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Power</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../08-leds-again/configuration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> Configuration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../08-leds-again/the-solution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> The solution</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../09-clocks-and-timers/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Clocks and timers</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../09-clocks-and-timers/for-loop-delays.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> for loop delays</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../09-clocks-and-timers/nop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> NOP</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../09-clocks-and-timers/one-shot-timer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> One-shot timer</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../09-clocks-and-timers/initialization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> Initialization</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../09-clocks-and-timers/busy-waiting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> Busy waiting</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../09-clocks-and-timers/putting-it-all-together.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> Putting it all together</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../10-serial-communication/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Serial communication</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../10-serial-communication/nix-tooling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> *nix tooling</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../10-serial-communication/windows-tooling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Windows tooling</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../10-serial-communication/loopbacks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> Loopbacks</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-usart/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> USART</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-usart/send-a-single-byte.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> Send a single byte</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-usart/send-a-string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> Send a string</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-usart/buffer-overrun.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> Buffer overrun</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-usart/uprintln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> uprintln!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-usart/receive-a-single-byte.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> Receive a single byte</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-usart/echo-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> Echo server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-usart/reverse-a-string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.7.</strong> Reverse a string</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-usart/my-solution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.8.</strong> My solution</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../12-bluetooth-setup/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Bluetooth setup</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../12-bluetooth-setup/linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> Linux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../12-bluetooth-setup/loopback.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> Loopback</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../12-bluetooth-setup/at-commands.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> AT commands</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../13-serial-over-bluetooth/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Serial over Bluetooth</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../14-i2c/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> I2C</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../14-i2c/the-general-protocol.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> The general protocol</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../14-i2c/lsm303dlhc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> LSM303DLHC</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../14-i2c/read-a-single-register.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Read a single register</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../14-i2c/the-solution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> The solution</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../14-i2c/read-several-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Read several registers</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-led-compass/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> LED compass</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-led-compass/take-1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> Take 1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-led-compass/solution-1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> Solution 1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-led-compass/take-2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> Take 2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-led-compass/solution-2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Solution 2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-led-compass/magnitude.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> Magnitude</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-led-compass/calibration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> Calibration</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../16-punch-o-meter/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Punch-o-meter</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../16-punch-o-meter/gravity-is-up.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> Gravity is up?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../16-punch-o-meter/the-challenge.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> The challenge</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../16-punch-o-meter/my-solution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> My solution</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../explore.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> What's left for you to explore</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../appendix/1-general-troubleshooting/index.html">General troubleshooting</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../appendix/2-how-to-use-gdb/index.html">How to use GDB</a></li><li class="spacer"></li></ol>
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                    <h1 class="menu-title">Discovery</h1>

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                        <h1 id="hardwareknowledge-requirements"><a class="header" href="#hardwareknowledge-requirements">Hardware/knowledge requirements</a></h1>
<p>The primary knowledge requirement to read this book is to know <em>some</em> Rust. It's
hard for me to quantify <em>some</em> but at least I can tell you that you don't need
to fully grok generics but you do need to know how to <em>use</em> closures. You also
need to be familiar with the idioms of the <a href="https://rust-lang-nursery.github.io/edition-guide/">2018 edition</a>, in particular with
the fact that <code>extern crate</code> is not necessary in the 2018 edition.</p>
<p>Due to the nature of embedded programming, it will also be extremely helpful to
understand how binary and hexadecimal representations of values work, as well
as the use of some bitwise operators. For example, it would be useful to
understand how the following program produces its output.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
    let a = 0x4000_0000 + 0xa2;

    // Use of the bit shift &quot;&lt;&lt;&quot; operation.
    let b = 1 &lt;&lt; 5;

    // {:X} will format values as hexadecimal
    println!(&quot;{:X}: {:X}&quot;, a, b);
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>Also, to follow this material you'll need the following hardware:</p>
<p>(Some components are optional but recommended)</p>
<ul>
<li>A <a href="http://www.st.com/en/evaluation-tools/stm32f3discovery.html">STM32F3DISCOVERY</a> board.</li>
</ul>
<p>(You can purchase this board from &quot;big&quot; <a href="http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/STMicroelectronics/STM32F3DISCOVERY">electronics</a> <a href="http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/stmicroelectronics/STM32F3DISCOVERY/497-13192-ND">suppliers</a> or from <a href="https://www.aliexpress.com/wholesale?SearchText=stm32f3discovery">e-commerce</a>
<a href="http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_nkw=stm32f3discovery">sites</a>)</p>
<p align="center">
<img title="STM32F3DISCOVERY" src="../assets/f3.jpg">
</p>
<ul>
<li>OPTIONAL. A <strong>3.3V</strong> USB &lt;-&gt; Serial module. To elaborate: if you have one of
the latest revisions of the discovery board (which is usually the case given
the first revision was released years ago) then you do <em>not</em> need this module
because the board includes this functionality on-board. If you have an older
revision of the board then you'll need this module for chapters 10 and 11. For
completeness, we'll include instructions for using a Serial module. The book
will use <a href="https://www.sparkfun.com/products/9873">this particular model</a> but you can use any other model as
long as it operates at 3.3V. The CH340G module, which you can buy
from <a href="https://www.aliexpress.com/wholesale?SearchText=CH340G">e-commerce</a> sites works too and it's probably cheaper for you to get.</li>
</ul>
<p align="center">
<img title="A 3.3v USB <-> Serial module" src="../assets/serial.jpg">
</p>
<ul>
<li>OPTIONAL. A HC-05 Bluetooth module (with headers!). A HC-06 would work too.</li>
</ul>
<p>(As with other Chinese parts, you pretty much can only find these on <a href="http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_nkw=hc-05">e-commerce</a> <a href="https://www.aliexpress.com/wholesale?SearchText=hc-05">sites</a>.
(US) Electronics suppliers don't usually stock these for some reason)</p>
<p align="center">
<img title="The HC-05 Bluetooth module" src="../assets/bluetooth.jpg">
</p>
<ul>
<li>Two mini-B USB cables. One is required to make the STM32F3DISCOVERY board work. The other is only
required if you have the Serial &lt;-&gt; USB module. Make sure that the cables both
support data transfer as some cables only support charging devices.</li>
</ul>
<p align="center">
<img title="mini-B USB cable" src="../assets/usb-cable.jpg">
</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>NOTE</strong> These are <strong>not</strong> the USB cables that ship with pretty much every Android phone; those
are <em>micro</em> USB cables. Make sure you have the right thing!</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>MOSTLY OPTIONAL. 5 female to female, 4 male to female and 1 Male to Male <em>jumper</em> (AKA Dupont)
wires. You'll <em>very likely</em> need one female to female to get ITM working. The other wires are only
needed if you'll be using the USB &lt;-&gt; Serial and Bluetooth modules.</li>
</ul>
<p>(You can get these from electronics <a href="https://www.adafruit.com/categories/306">suppliers</a> or from <a href="http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_nkw=dupont+wire">e-commerce</a> <a href="https://www.aliexpress.com/wholesale?SearchText=dupont+wire">sites</a>)</p>
<p align="center">
<img title="Jumper wires" src="../assets/jumper-wires.jpg">
</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>FAQ</strong>: Wait, why do I need this specific hardware?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>It makes my life and yours much easier.</p>
<p>The material is much, much more approachable if we don't have to worry about hardware differences.
Trust me on this one.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>FAQ</strong>: Can I follow this material with a different development board?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Maybe? It depends mainly on two things: your previous experience with microcontrollers and/or
whether there already exists a high level crate, like the <a href="https://docs.rs/f3"><code>f3</code></a>, for your development board
somewhere.</p>
<p>With a different development board, this text would lose most if not all its beginner friendliness
and &quot;easy to follow&quot;-ness, IMO.</p>
<p>If you have a different development board and you don't consider yourself a total beginner, you are
better off starting with the <a href="https://rust-embedded.github.io/cortex-m-quickstart/cortex_m_quickstart/">quickstart</a> project template.</p>

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